Planning a trip to Russia’s capital? Here are the most essential fast facts about Moscow — from population and geography to transportation, weather, and currency. This quick reference guide gives you a snapshot of the key details every traveler should know before visiting the world’s largest city north of 10 million people.

General Information

• Official Name: Moscow (Москва / Moskva)
• Country: Russia
• Founded: 1147 AD
• Population (2025): ~12.5 million (metro area ~18 million)
• Area: 2,561 km² (988 sq mi)
• Time Zone: UTC +3 (Moscow Standard Time)
• Language: Russian (English widely spoken in tourist areas)
• Religion: Predominantly Russian Orthodox
• Currency: Russian Ruble (RUB)
• International Dialing Code: +7
• Emergency Number: 112 (for police, ambulance, and fire)

Location & Geography

Moscow lies on the banks of the Moskva River, roughly in the western part of Russia. The city’s central location makes it the political, economic, and cultural heart of the country. It’s surrounded by forests and gently rolling plains that showcase Russia’s continental climate.

• Coordinates: 55.7558° N, 37.6173° E
• Elevation: 156 meters (512 ft)
• Nearest major cities: St. Petersburg (700 km), Nizhny Novgorod (400 km), Tula (180 km)

Government & Politics

• Country System: Federal semi-presidential republic
• Capital of: Russian Federation
• Mayor of Moscow (2025): Sergey Sobyanin
• Administrative Divisions: 12 districts (okrugs) and 125 neighborhoods

Climate & Weather

Moscow experiences a humid continental climate, with cold winters and warm summers. Snow covers the city for around 4 months a year, while summer offers long, bright days and many outdoor events.

• Average January Temperature: −8°C (17°F)
• Average July Temperature: +22°C (72°F)
• Average Annual Rainfall: 700 mm (28 in)
• Best Time to Visit: May–September

For a detailed overview of seasonal changes, check our Moscow Weather page.

Transportation & Connectivity

Moscow boasts one of the world’s best public transport systems, anchored by its famous Metro network. The city also features modern trams, buses, and convenient airport trains.

• Main Airports: Sheremetyevo (SVO), Domodedovo (DME), Vnukovo (VKO)
• Main Train Stations: Belorussky, Paveletsky, Kursky, Leningradsky
• Public Transport Pass: Troyka Card (valid across Metro, bus, and tram)

See the Transportation Guide for Moscow for tips on navigating the city.

Economy & Lifestyle

Moscow is Russia’s financial and cultural capital, hosting major headquarters, embassies, and international corporations. It’s known for a diverse dining scene, luxury shopping, and rich artistic life.

• GDP Contribution: ~20% of Russia’s national GDP
• Main Industries: Finance, IT, oil & gas, fashion, education
• Cost of Living: Moderate to high (see Cost of Living in Moscow)

Culture & Attractions

• UNESCO Sites: Kremlin and Red Square
• Famous Landmarks: St. Basil’s Cathedral, Bolshoi Theatre, Gorky Park
• Major Museums: Tretyakov Gallery, Pushkin Museum, Museum of Cosmonautics
• Signature Event: Moscow City Day (early September)

Quick Traveler Tips

• English is understood at hotels, museums, and restaurants in central Moscow.
• Tap water is technically safe but bottled water is preferred by locals.
• Credit cards are accepted almost everywhere, though cash is useful for taxis and kiosks.
• Moscow is safe for tourists; use official taxis or the Metro after dark.

Where to Go Next

• About Moscow – Learn more about the city’s history and identity.
• Things to Do in Moscow – Explore top attractions and local life.
• Travel Tips for Moscow – Essential advice for your trip.
• Hotels in Moscow – Find the best places to stay.

With its rich heritage, world-class infrastructure, and unique blend of tradition and innovation, Moscow continues to stand as one of the world’s most captivating capitals.